What is the relationship between peak-to-peak value and RMS value in AC circuits?

In AC circuits, the Root Mean Square (RMS) value is a measure of the effective voltage or current, representing the equivalent DC value that would deliver the same power to a load. The peak-to-peak value measures the total vertical distance between the maximum positive and maximum negative peaks of the AC waveform.

The RMS value is calculated as the peak value divided by the square root of two for sinusoidal waveforms, which means it will always be a fraction of the peak value. To understand the relationship between the RMS value and the peak-to-peak value, consider that peak-to-peak is twice the peak value since it encompasses both the highest positive and lowest negative extremes of the wave.

Therefore, the RMS value, being a fraction of the peak value, will always be less than the peak-to-peak value. This relationship holds true for typical sinusoidal waveforms encountered in most AC circuits. Hence, the correct conclusion is that the RMS value is always less than the peak-to-peak value.

The other options do not accurately represent the mathematical relationships defined by AC circuit theory. The RMS can never be greater than the peak-to-peak value, nor is it equal to it. Additionally, the values are indeed related through their definitions