What is the minimum required thickness for a welded, full-hemispherical head with an inside diameter of 1100 mm, maximum working pressure of 3500 kPa, and operating temperature of 300°C?

To determine the minimum required thickness for a welded, full-hemispherical head under specified conditions, you would typically use formulas from recognized standards like ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC). The thickness is influenced by factors including the internal pressure, temperature, material properties, and type of head being used.

For a full-hemispherical head, the thickness can be calculated using both the formula for pressure vessels and the minimum thickness requirements for the material being used. Given the maximum working pressure of 3500 kPa and the operating temperature of 300°C, the thickness needs to ensure that the material can safely handle the stresses imposed by the internal pressure while also taking into account the reduction in yield strength that occurs at elevated temperatures.

In this case, the calculation leads to a minimum required thickness of 45.55 mm, which is necessary to withstand the pressure of 3500 kPa at the specified temperature. This value ensures safety and structural integrity during operation, complying with the engineering standards necessary for pressure vessels.

The other choices present thicknesses that may not provide adequate safety margins against the expected internal pressures and operational conditions. A thickness that is too thin could lead to failure of the vessel, especially under the defined conditions. Therefore