Integral control, also known as reset, responds to both the _______ and ______ duration of the deviation.

Integral control, often referred to as reset control, is a crucial aspect of control systems that addresses how quickly a system deviates from a setpoint and how long that deviation lasts. In this context, the correct answer highlights the two essential characteristics of the deviation: the amount of the deviation (which indicates how far off the current value is from the desired setpoint) and the time duration (which represents how long this deviation persists).

When a control system experiences a deviation, integral control works to correct that deviation by integrating the error over time. This means that both the size of the deviation (how significant the error is) and the time it remains present are critical in determining how aggressively the control system will react to return the process variable to the setpoint. The longer the deviation lasts (duration), the stronger the response from the integral control.

Through this dual focus on both the magnitude and duration of the error, integral control effectively eliminates steady-state errors, ensuring that the process variable is not only moved back to the setpoint but also maintained there over time. This characteristic makes integral control an essential component in various control applications.